{"id":1796,"date":"2022-03-08T21:34:56","date_gmt":"2022-03-08T20:34:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ethologie-equine.fr\/?p=1796"},"modified":"2022-03-09T06:59:14","modified_gmt":"2022-03-09T05:59:14","slug":"chevaux-sauvages-mythe-ou-realite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ethologie-equine.fr\/index.php\/2022\/03\/08\/chevaux-sauvages-mythe-ou-realite\/","title":{"rendered":"Chevaux sauvages : mythe ou r\u00e9alit\u00e9 ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question il faut tout d\u2019abord d\u00e9finir ce que l\u2019on entend par sauvage<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Un animal sauvage est libre et ind\u00e9pendant. Il n\u2019a jamais subi de modifications<\/strong> de la part de l\u2019homme. Il est soumis aux lois de la s\u00e9lection naturelle<\/strong> dans son environnement.<\/span><\/p>\n

Au contraire, un animal domestique vit dans des conditions de captivit\u00e9 et est soumis \u00e0 des pratiques d’\u00e9levage (contr\u00f4le de la reproduction, s\u00e9lection g\u00e9n\u00e9tique).<\/p>\n

Avant d\u2019\u00eatre domestiqu\u00e9es, toutes les esp\u00e8ces \u00e9taient sauvages.<\/span><\/p>\n

Certaines populations sont dites semi-sauvages, car elles n\u2019ont que des contacts occasionnels avec l\u2019homme, ou sont retourn\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat sauvage apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 domestiqu\u00e9es. On parle alors de marronnage<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Un animal marron ou f\u00e9ral (autre terme utilis\u00e9) est retourn\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat sauvage apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 abandonn\u00e9 ou apr\u00e8s s\u2019\u00eatre \u00e9chapp\u00e9.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

O\u00f9 observer des chevaux \u00ab\u00a0sauvages\u00a0\u00bb dans le monde ?<\/h2>\n

Si les mustangs am\u00e9ricains sont sans doute les plus connus, nous avons \u00e9galement des chevaux vivant en semi-libert\u00e9 en France avec le cheval Camargue.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans le monde on peut aussi citer les chevaux de Namibie en Afrique ou encore les Brumbies en Australie, qui sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme une esp\u00e8ce invasive<\/span><\/p>\n

\"chevaux
Chevaux vivant \u00e0 l’\u00e9tat sauvage dans le monde d’apr\u00e8s Naundrup & Svenning (2015)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zoom sur les chevaux de Przewalski<\/h2>\n

On a longtemps pens\u00e9 que les chevaux de Przewalski \u00e9taient les derniers chevaux sauvages, mais une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e en 2018 a montr\u00e9 qu\u2019ils descendent en fait des chevaux de Bota\u00ef, domestiqu\u00e9s il y a plus de 5000 ans.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ces chevaux sont certes diff\u00e9rents de nos chevaux domestiques, dans leur physiologie et leur m\u0153urs, mais ils ne sont donc pas tout \u00e0 fait sauvages !<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Chevaux
Chevaux de Przewalski \/ Association Takh<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bien qu\u2019ils ne soient donc pas une esp\u00e8ce sauvage \u00e0 proprement parler, il s\u2019agit de la plus ancienne population de chevaux vivant \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat sauvage et \u00e0 ce titre ils doivent \u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9s.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Les derniers Przewalski ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9s dans la nature en 1969. L\u2019esp\u00e8ce \u00e9tait alors consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme \u00e9teinte et perp\u00e9tu\u00e9e seulement par des sp\u00e9cimens de zoo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Des r\u00e9serves animales \u0153uvrent pour la protection de cette esp\u00e8ce, class\u00e9e sur la liste rouge des esp\u00e8ces en danger d’extinction. Parmi elles, l\u2019association Takh qui a d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un grand projet de r\u00e9introduction de ces chevaux en Mongolie, leur pays natal.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u2019est sur un site de 400 hectares sur le Causse M\u00e9jean, avec des conditions environnementales proches de leurs steppes mongoles originelles que 11 chevaux issus de zoos de toute l\u2019Europe ont r\u00e9appris \u00e0 vivre en semi-libert\u00e9. Apr\u00e8s 4 g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, \u00e9lev\u00e9es sans intervention de l\u2019homme, 4 familles de chevaux ont pu \u00eatre r\u00e9introduites en 2004 et 2005 dans la r\u00e9gion de Khomyn Tal \u00e0 l\u2019ouest de la Mongolie dans une r\u00e9serve de 14 000 hectares, d\u00e9clar\u00e9e Parc National par le parlement Mongol depuis mai 2020.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Le projet est un succ\u00e8s puisque qu\u2019aujourd\u2019hui ce sont pas moins d\u2019une centaine de chevaux qui foulent les terres Mongoles.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ce projet novateur a r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 la fa\u00e7on d\u2019appr\u00e9hender l\u2019application de l\u2019\u00e9thologie \u00e0 la conservation d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce.<\/span><\/p>\n

Le suivi \u00e0 la fois g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, sanitaire et comportemental de chaque individu permet de conna\u00eetre l\u2019histoire de chaque cheval et de chaque groupe.<\/span><\/p>\n

La place centrale donn\u00e9e au comportement et aux affinit\u00e9s entre individus caract\u00e9rise la m\u00e9thodologie de \u201cr\u00e9introduction douce\u201d de Takh, et anime toute son approche scientifique.<\/span><\/p>\n

Aujourd\u2019hui, l\u2019association continue de partager son exp\u00e9rience et ses connaissances pour continuer \u00e0 pr\u00e9server ce petit cheval \u201csauvage\u201d, en d\u00e9veloppant notamment des projets en partenariat avec des professionnels de tous les secteurs (recherche et enseignement, \u00e9cotourisme scientifique et rural, r\u00e9sidence d\u2019artistes, s\u00e9minaires professionnels, etc.) et propose toute l\u2019ann\u00e9e des activit\u00e9s d\u00e9di\u00e9es au grand public.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pour plus d\u2019informations : <\/span>https:\/\/www.takh.org\/fr\/<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

<\/h5>\n
R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h5>\n
Gaunitz, C., Fages, A., Hangh\u00f8j, K., Albrechtsen, A., Khan, N., Schubert, M., … & Orlando, L. (2018). Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski\u2019s horses. <\/span>Science<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>360<\/span><\/i>(6384), 111-114.<\/span><\/h6>\n
Naundrup, P. J., & Svenning, J. C. (2015). A geographic assessment of the global scope for rewilding with wild-living horses (Equus ferus). <\/span>PloS one<\/span><\/i>, <\/span>10<\/span><\/i>(7), e0132359.<\/span><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question il faut tout d\u2019abord d\u00e9finir ce que l\u2019on entend par sauvage. Un animal sauvage est libre et ind\u00e9pendant. Il n\u2019a jamais subi de modifications de la part de l\u2019homme. Il est soumis aux lois de la s\u00e9lection naturelle dans son environnement. Au contraire, un animal domestique vit dans des conditions… Lire la suite Chevaux sauvages : mythe ou r\u00e9alit\u00e9 ?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1800,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2],"class_list":["post-1796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-non-classe","tag-featured","without-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\nChevaux sauvages : mythe ou r\u00e9alit\u00e9 ? - Ethologie equine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette question il faut tout d\u2019abord d\u00e9finir ce que l\u2019on entend par sauvage.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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